What is Cancer Treatment: Purpose, Procedure, Results, Preparation & Costs in India

Cancer. The word itself carries a weight of fear and uncertainty. If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with cancer, understanding the treatment options, the preparation involved, and the potential costs is crucial. This comprehensive guide, tailored for Indian patients, aims to provide clarity and empower you with knowledge about cancer treatment in India.

What is Cancer Treatment?

Cancer treatment encompasses a range of medical interventions designed to combat cancer cells and improve the patient's overall well-being. It's not a one-size-fits-all approach; rather, the specific treatment plan depends on several factors, including:

The type of cancer: Different cancers behave differently and require tailored treatments.
The stage of cancer: The extent to which the cancer has spread impacts the treatment strategy.
The patient's overall health: Pre-existing medical conditions and general health influence treatment choices.
The patient's preferences: Your voice and wishes are important in deciding the best course of action.

The goals of cancer treatment can vary:

Cure: Eliminating all cancer cells from the body.
Remission: Achieving a state where cancer is not detectable, although it may still be present.
Control: Stopping the cancer from growing or spreading further.
Palliative care: Relieving symptoms and improving the quality of life for patients with advanced cancer.

Why is Cancer Treatment Performed?

Cancer treatment is performed for several critical reasons:

To eliminate cancer cells: The primary goal is to destroy or remove cancerous cells from the body, preventing them from multiplying and causing further harm.
To prevent the spread of cancer: If cancer has not yet spread (metastasized), treatment aims to prevent it from doing so. If it has already spread, treatment aims to control its growth and prevent further spread.
To relieve symptoms caused by cancer (palliative care): Cancer and its treatments can cause a range of symptoms, such as pain, fatigue, nausea, and difficulty breathing. Palliative care focuses on managing these symptoms and improving the patient's comfort and quality of life.
To improve the patient's quality of life: Even when a cure is not possible, cancer treatment can significantly improve a patient's quality of life by reducing symptoms, controlling the disease, and providing emotional and psychological support.

Who Needs Cancer Treatment?

Anyone diagnosed with cancer needs to be evaluated for cancer treatment. The decision to undergo treatment is made in consultation with a team of healthcare professionals, including oncologists (cancer specialists), surgeons, radiation oncologists, and other specialists as needed.

The need for cancer treatment is determined by:

A confirmed diagnosis of cancer: A biopsy is usually required to confirm the presence of cancer cells.
The type and stage of cancer: Different types of cancer have different treatment approaches. The stage of cancer indicates how far the cancer has spread and helps determine the best course of action.
The patient's overall health and medical history: Pre-existing medical conditions, age, and overall health are considered when developing a treatment plan.
The patient's wishes and preferences: The patient's values, goals, and preferences are an important part of the decision-making process.

Preparation for Cancer Treatment in India: A Step-by-Step Guide

Preparing for cancer treatment can feel overwhelming, but understanding the process can help ease anxiety. Here's a breakdown of the steps involved, with specific considerations for Indian patients:

1. Diagnosis & Staging:

This crucial step determines the type and extent of the cancer. It involves a combination of:

Physical Examination: A thorough physical assessment by the doctor.
Imaging Tests:
- X-rays: To visualize bones and organs.
- Ultrasound: Using sound waves to create images of internal organs.
- CT Scan (Computed Tomography): Detailed cross-sectional images of the body.
- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues.
- PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography): A nuclear medicine imaging technique that shows the metabolic activity of cells.
Lab Tests:
- Blood Tests: To assess overall health and detect cancer markers. (INR 500 - INR 5,000 depending on the tests)
- Urine Tests: To check for abnormalities in the urine. (INR 200 - INR 1,000)
- PFT (Pulmonary Function Tests): To assess lung function. (INR 1,000 - INR 3,000)
- EEG (Electroencephalogram): To measure brain activity, if neurological symptoms are present. (INR 1,500 - INR 5,000)
- CBC (Complete Blood Count): To count the different types of blood cells. (INR 300 - INR 800)
Biopsy: A small tissue sample is taken and examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of cancer cells. (INR 25,000 - INR 35,000)
Endoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the body to visualize internal organs. (INR 10,000 - INR 50,000 depending on the type)
Bone Scan: To detect cancer that has spread to the bones.

Estimated Cost of Diagnosis & Staging: Up to INR 1,00,000 or more, depending on the number and type of tests required.

India Tip: Hospitals in India offer comprehensive diagnostic packages that can help reduce the overall cost. Inquire about these packages.

2. Doctor Consultation:

Consultation with an Oncologist: Discuss the diagnosis, staging, and treatment options with a qualified oncologist. Don't hesitate to ask questions and express your concerns.
Second Opinion: Consider getting a second opinion from another oncologist to ensure you are comfortable with the recommended treatment plan.

Estimated Cost of Doctor Consultation: INR 800 - INR 5,000 per consultation.

India Tip: Many hospitals offer free or subsidized consultations for cancer patients, especially those from economically weaker sections. Check for availability.

3. Pre-Treatment Evaluation:

Before starting treatment, you will undergo a thorough evaluation to assess your overall health and ensure you are fit to tolerate the treatment. This may include:

Physical Exams: A comprehensive physical assessment.
Mammograms (for breast cancer): X-ray of the breast to detect abnormalities.
Ultrasonography: Using sound waves to create images of internal organs.
FNAC (Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology): A needle is used to collect cells from a suspicious area.
Bone Scans: To detect cancer that has spread to the bones.
Blood Tests: To assess overall health and organ function.

4. Psychological Preparation:

Cancer treatment can be emotionally challenging. It's essential to:

Seek Support: Talk to your family, friends, or a counselor. Support groups for cancer patients can also be helpful.
Stay Informed: Understanding the treatment process and potential side effects can help you feel more in control.
Practice Relaxation Techniques: Meditation, yoga, and deep breathing exercises can help manage stress and anxiety.

India Tip: Several NGOs in India offer free counseling and support services for cancer patients and their families.

5. Financial Planning:

Cancer treatment can be expensive. It's crucial to:

Understand the Costs: Get a detailed estimate of the treatment costs from the hospital.
Explore Financial Assistance Options: Investigate government schemes, insurance policies, and charitable organizations that provide financial assistance for cancer treatment.
Plan Your Finances: Create a budget to manage your expenses during treatment.

India Tip: Publicly financed health insurance schemes like Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) and state-level schemes cover cancer treatment for eligible individuals. Explore these options.

6. Lifestyle Adjustments:

Making healthy lifestyle changes can help you cope with treatment and improve your overall well-being. This may include:

Nutrition: Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
Exercise: Engage in regular physical activity, as tolerated.
Rest: Get enough sleep to allow your body to recover.
Avoid Tobacco and Alcohol: These substances can worsen side effects and interfere with treatment.

Cancer Treatment Procedures: A Step-by-Step Overview

The specific cancer treatment procedures will vary depending on the type and stage of cancer, as well as your overall health. Here's an overview of the common treatment modalities:

1. Surgery:

Purpose: To remove the cancerous tumor and surrounding tissue.
Procedure: The surgeon will make an incision to access the tumor and remove it. The extent of the surgery will depend on the size and location of the tumor.
Cost in India: Organ-specific cancer surgery typically ranges from ₹2,80,000 to ₹10,50,000, but this varies depending on the cancer site and stage. Robotic surgery averages around INR 5,25,000.

2. Chemotherapy:

Purpose: To use drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing.
Procedure: Chemotherapy drugs are typically administered intravenously (through a vein) or orally (as pills). The treatment is usually given in cycles, with rest periods in between to allow the body to recover.
Cost in India: In India, chemotherapy costs around INR 18,000 per session, but this depends on the severity of the cancer and the specific drugs used.

3. Radiation Therapy:

Purpose: To use high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
Procedure: Radiation therapy can be delivered externally (from a machine outside the body) or internally (by placing radioactive material inside the body).
Cost in India: Costs vary based on the patient's needs.
- Internal Radiation: From INR 61,960 to INR 5,16,337.
- External Radiation: From INR 30,000 to INR 20,00,000.

4. Immunotherapy:

Purpose: To boost the body's immune system to fight cancer cells.
Procedure: Immunotherapy drugs are typically administered intravenously.
Cost in India: The cost ranges from INR 4,41,000 to INR 4,55,000, estimated for once a month over at least two years.

5. Bone Marrow Transplant (Stem Cell Transplant):

Purpose: To replace damaged bone marrow with healthy bone marrow.
Procedure: The patient receives high doses of chemotherapy or radiation to destroy the damaged bone marrow. Then, healthy bone marrow cells (stem cells) are infused into the bloodstream.
Cost in India: Needed in some blood cancer treatments, costing approximately INR 15,00,000 to INR 48,00,000.

6. Targeted Therapy:

Purpose: To use drugs that target specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth and survival.
Procedure: Targeted therapy drugs are typically administered orally or intravenously.
Cost in India: When given with chemotherapy, this may cost around INR 2,00,000 to INR 2,50,000.

7. Hormone Therapy:

Purpose: To block or reduce the production of hormones that fuel cancer growth.
Procedure: Hormone therapy drugs are typically administered orally or by injection.
Cost in India: Costs depend on the cancer's severity, but usually start from INR 3,22,845.

Important Note: The specific treatment plan will be tailored to your individual needs. Your oncologist will discuss the options with you and help you make informed decisions.

Understanding the Results of Cancer Treatment

The results of cancer treatment can vary depending on the type and stage of cancer, the treatment received, and the patient's overall health. Potential outcomes include:

Cure: Complete elimination of cancer cells from the body. This means there is no evidence of cancer remaining.
Remission: A period of time when the cancer is not detectable, although it may still be present in the body. Remission can be partial (some cancer cells remain) or complete (no cancer cells are detectable).
Control: Stopping the cancer from growing or spreading further. This may involve maintaining the cancer at a stable size or slowing its growth.
Palliative Care: Focusing on relieving symptoms and improving the quality of life for patients with advanced cancer. Palliative care can help manage pain, fatigue, nausea, and other symptoms, allowing patients to live more comfortably.
Increased Survival Rates: Early detection and quality treatment significantly increase survival rates for many types of cancer.

It's crucial to have realistic expectations and to discuss the potential outcomes with your oncologist. Regular follow-up appointments and monitoring are essential to detect any signs of recurrence and to manage any long-term side effects of treatment.

Risks of Cancer Treatment

While cancer treatment can be life-saving, it's important to be aware of the potential risks and side effects. These can vary depending on the type of treatment and the individual patient. Common risks include:

Side Effects: Vary depending on the type of treatment and can include fatigue, nausea, hair loss, weakened immune system, pain, and other symptoms. Your oncologist will discuss potential side effects with you and provide strategies for managing them.
Financial Toxicity: The rising economic burden of cancer can significantly impact access to treatment. The costs of diagnosis, treatment, and supportive care can be overwhelming, especially for patients without adequate insurance coverage.
Catastrophic Health Expenditure (CHE): A high prevalence of CHE is associated with outpatient treatment. This means that many families face financial hardship due to the costs of cancer treatment.
Treatment Discontinuation: Some patients discontinue treatment due to financial or other reasons, which can negatively impact their outcomes.

It is essential to discuss all potential risks and side effects with your oncologist and to have a plan for managing them. Don't hesitate to ask questions and express your concerns.

Costs of Cancer Treatment in India (₹)

Cancer treatment costs in India can vary significantly depending on several factors:

Type of cancer: Different cancers require different treatment approaches, which can impact costs.
Stage of cancer: More advanced stages of cancer often require more extensive and expensive treatment.
Treatment modality: Different treatment options, such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and bone marrow transplant, have varying costs.
Hospital and location: Treatment costs can vary depending on the hospital and the city where you receive treatment.
Insurance coverage: The extent of your insurance coverage will significantly impact your out-of-pocket expenses.

Here's a general overview of the costs of different cancer treatments in India:

Organ-specific cancer treatment: ₹2,80,000 to ₹10,50,000 (depending on the organ and stage)
Robotic surgery: ~₹5,25,000
Chemotherapy: ~₹18,000 per session (depending on the drugs used)
Immunotherapy: ₹4,41,000 - ₹4,55,000 per month (estimated for two years)
Bone marrow transplant: ₹15,00,000 to ₹48,00,000
Diagnostics (blood tests, urine tests, scans): Up to ₹1,00,000 or more
Biopsy: ₹25,000 to ₹35,000
Endoscopy: ₹10,000-₹50,000
Annual direct out-of-pocket expenditure: Approximately ₹331,177 (US$ 4,171)

Important Considerations for Indian Patients:

Financial Assistance: Many patients in India require financial assistance to cover cancer treatment costs.
Public Health Insurance: Several publicly financed health insurance schemes include cancer treatment. Explore options like Ayushman Bharat.
Early Detection: Early detection is crucial for more effective and less expensive treatment.
Access to Care: Many patients in low- and middle-income countries lack access to timely, quality diagnosis and treatment. Seek out reputable cancer centers.
Lifestyle Modifications: Modifying risk factors like tobacco use, diet, and exercise can help prevent cancer.

How Ayu Helps

Ayu is committed to empowering patients with the information and resources they need to navigate their healthcare journey. While Ayu doesn't directly provide medical treatment, our platform can help you:

Organize your medical records: Keep all your diagnostic reports, treatment summaries, and other medical information in one secure, easily accessible place.
Connect with healthcare providers: Find and connect with qualified oncologists and other specialists in your area. (Feature coming soon)
Manage your medications: Track your medications, set reminders, and learn about potential side effects. (Feature coming soon)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

1. What are the most common types of cancer treatment in India?

The most common types of cancer treatment in India include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and bone marrow transplant. The specific treatment plan will depend on the type and stage of cancer, as well as the patient's overall health.

2. How can I find the best cancer treatment center in India?

Finding the right cancer treatment center is crucial. Consider factors such as the center's experience with your specific type of cancer, the availability of advanced technologies, the expertise of the medical team, and patient reviews. You can consult with your doctor, research online, and seek recommendations from other patients or support groups.

3. What are the side effects of chemotherapy, and how can they be managed?

Chemotherapy can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, fatigue, hair loss, mouth sores, and a weakened immune system. Your oncologist will provide strategies for managing these side effects, such as anti-nausea medications, pain relievers, and dietary recommendations.

4. Is cancer treatment painful?

Some cancer treatments, such as surgery and radiation therapy, can cause pain. However, your healthcare team will work to manage your pain effectively with medications and other therapies. It's important to communicate your pain levels to your doctor so they can adjust your treatment plan accordingly.

5. How long does cancer treatment typically last?

The duration of cancer treatment varies depending on the type and stage of cancer, as well as the treatment modality. Some treatments may last for several months, while others may continue for years. Your oncologist will provide you with a timeline for your specific treatment plan.

6. What is palliative care, and when is it appropriate?

Palliative care focuses on relieving symptoms and improving the quality of life for patients with advanced cancer. It is appropriate at any stage of cancer, but it is especially helpful for patients who are experiencing pain, fatigue, nausea, or other distressing symptoms.

7. What are the chances of survival after cancer treatment?

The chances of survival after cancer treatment depend on several factors, including the type and stage of cancer, the treatment received, and the patient's overall health. Early detection and quality treatment significantly increase survival rates for many types of cancer.

8. What are some lifestyle changes that can help me cope with cancer treatment?

Making healthy lifestyle changes can help you cope with cancer treatment and improve your overall well-being. This may include eating a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, getting enough rest, avoiding tobacco and alcohol, and practicing relaxation techniques.

9. Are there any support groups for cancer patients in India?

Yes, several support groups for cancer patients are available in India. These groups provide a safe and supportive environment for patients to share their experiences, learn from others, and receive emotional support. You can find information about support groups through your hospital, cancer organizations, or online resources.

10. What financial assistance options are available for cancer treatment in India?

Several financial assistance options are available for cancer treatment in India, including government schemes, insurance policies, and charitable organizations. Explore options like Ayushman Bharat, state-level health insurance schemes, and crowdfunding platforms. Talk to your hospital's social worker or financial counselor to learn more about available resources.

What is Cancer treatment: Complete Guide for India